Rating: 0.0 21570 0 Other 09:43
Before traveling, every person has a lot of thoughts, reflections, and emotions. From delight and tangible hopes, to a slight feeling of possible danger and some anxiety. It is the relatives who worry most about the traveler. After all, on the way we often encounter things for which we are not prepared. Sometimes difficulties arise that require quick reactions and firm decisions...
Perhaps this is why there are so many believers among travelers. Those who raise their eyes to the sky in search of answers, and in their pocket carry an icon with the image of one of their patrons. Those who believe in omens and leave the house only after “sitting down on the path” and praying to the saint for a happy journey and a good journey.
In addition, traveling is not only about long journeys by train, plane or car. This could be hunting, fishing, or even a trip to a neighboring city on a day off. Therefore, the icons that should be taken on the road are varied, and each person can turn to different saints depending on the upcoming event.
By the way, if your relatives often travel or, due to their work, are forced to go to distant cities and countries (drivers, pilots, flight attendants, flight attendants, etc.), and you are worried about them, then an icon with the patron saint of travelers will be an excellent gift , protecting and preserving a person on the road.
It is worth noting that many of the saints to whom travelers turn were themselves directly related to nomadic life. Pilgrimage visits to Jerusalem and other holy places were an integral part of their lives.
Preface
People have traveled at all times. In the early periods of human culture, there were eras of the Great Migrations, when, driven by cold and hunger, and often under the pressure of enemy hordes, entire peoples were forced to leave their inhabited places in search of a better life and develop new territories. Centuries pass, and now caravans of traders and ranks of warriors are moving along the roads, lonely travelers and purposeful pilgrims are wandering. Here you can meet both lonely wanderers and entire expeditions. People thirsting for entertainment and relaxation in the fertile corners of warm coastal countries follow well-trodden paths. Adventurers and romantics choose the thorny path of unknown wanderings. During the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, ships set out to sea from almost all the harbors of the world under the sails of luck and hope. As humanity developed, it discovered new lands and improved means of transportation. There is practically no culture whose history is not woven into the history of travel. The goals of travelers are diverse, their roads are different, but the traditions of hospitality among different peoples are no less diverse. In the folklore of every nation there are many stories and legends about great wanderers; history is filled with facts and testimonies of the discoverers of foreign countries, descriptions of the morals and customs of the people who inhabited them.
How often, leafing through old books with yellowed pages that we have already read more than once, we find something new and unexpected for ourselves. It’s the same with history: turning again to a particular era, its events, we suddenly discover in its meaningful interlinear what we had not previously noticed or omitted as unimportant. So many times, when studying the history of world culture, we memorized names and dates; in a series of historical events described on the pages of numerous textbooks, we came across references to travel and voyages. Their story certainly deserves the laudatory epithet “widely known,” but this does not make it any less interesting in the eyes of readers. Some of the distant journeys were immediately assessed as “great,” because they brought to humanity discoveries of unknown peoples or entire continents. Others were destined to go through the oblivion of their contemporaries, so that later, in the distant future, people could comprehend the feat of the pioneers. Many historical events were dissolved in the context of specific cultural eras and were not always linked into a single chain - the history of travel. It is through its reconstruction that one can understand and reproduce the logic of cultural development, and recreate certain types and models of behavior of a “traveling person.”
Based on the achievements of applied cultural studies, the history of tourism examines the evolution of the “travelling person” in different countries and at different times. You can understand how the goals and routes of travel changed, how traditions of hospitality were formed, by studying the characteristics of the culture itself, which, being a “second nature” for a person, contributes to his formation, determines his lifestyle, his ideals, preferences and the goals that he sets itself, including in the field of recreation and travel.
Studying the history of travel will help us understand the emergence of tourism as a specific activity of people and economic sectors. This is not an easy question. In the scientific literature there are different opinions about the development of tourism as a specific activity of people and industry. Some scientists consider the birth of tourism as a phenomenon to be the mid-19th century, others argue that it arose back in the 18th century, and there are those who boldly talk about tourism in ancient Rome.
The history of tourism is difficult to separate from the history of hospitality, not only because these are two important components of the modern service economy, but also because historically they were formed as interconnected and complementary social spheres. The development of tourism, the emergence of new types of tourism, and the expansion of travel geography contributed to the spread of hotels, their improvement and specialization. In turn, the improvement of tourist services, the development of transport infrastructure and the hotel industry contributed to the development of tourist flows. The development of tourism and hospitality is directly related to the development of all spheres of human culture, focused on recreation and treatment, education and entertainment of people. That is why the history of tourism and hospitality will be incomplete if we do not become familiar with the formation and development of various traditions that have developed among peoples in these areas. It is also especially important for us to understand the person of modern culture, his attitude to active recreation and entertainment. Will people in the new millennium be able to maintain contact with the traditions of travel and tourism that have been formed over the centuries? Will our contemporary people lose their desire for distant travels, replacing them with vigils in front of television screens or “travels” on the Internet? What will tourism be like in the new millennium and how will the service sector develop in the hospitality industry? The answer to these and other questions lies in history.
Currently, the academic discipline “History of Tourism and Hospitality” is taught in Russian universities and colleges specializing in tourism and hospitality. Sections on history are contained in many textbooks addressed to students specializing in the field of tourism and hospitality. Along with this, several special books and textbooks on the history of tourism have also been written, most of which have appeared recently.
The structure of the textbook is determined by the assigned tasks. Its construction allows for maximum flexibility, taking into account different audiences, while maintaining a theoretical component. In all cases, the basis should be an introductory chapter “History of tourism and hospitality as a science,” which outlines approaches to determining the status and place of this scientific discipline. This chapter identifies the subject, methods and purpose of studying the history of tourism and hospitality, and also examines the conceptual apparatus of this branch of human knowledge. The textbook includes chapters that discuss in detail the features of travel, traditions of hospitality in different cultures and at different stages of the development of human civilization, as well as the conditions for the formation of tourism, the main trends in its development in Russia and other leading countries of the world. They contain specific information that is not only significant in itself, but at the same time argues, illustrates and reveals the main points of the training course. In this edition of the textbook, the chapters related to the development of tourism and hospitality in the 21st century have been significantly expanded.
After each topic there are questions for review. The appendix provides the main dates in the history of travel, tourism and hospitality, tests, as well as a list of additional scientific literature of a historical, cultural, regional and geographical nature, which can be used by students in preparing reports and abstracts on the history of tourism and hospitality.
The text of the textbook mentions many works of fiction, the authors of which either traveled themselves or described real or imaginary travel on the pages of their books. Familiarity with travel accounts, historical chronicles, travel novels and other fiction will help students gain a more complete understanding of a particular cultural era. The following list of fiction books, travel diaries and notes will help students navigate one of the most interesting sections of world history related to travel and tourism.
The result of mastering the discipline “History of Tourism and Hospitality” is that future graduates will acquire the following general cultural, instrumental and professional competencies that will allow them to gain an understanding of the role and significance of travel and tourism in the history of human culture.
The student must have an idea:
• about travel and tourism as one of the types of intercultural communications in the history of human culture;
• historical and sociocultural origins of travel in various types of cultures;
• changing the model of the “traveling man” in the history of culture.
The student must know:
• the specifics of travel and tourism in different types of cultures and among different peoples;
• basic patterns of formation and development of organized tourism;
• national characteristics and travel traditions in Russia;
• domestic and world experience in the development of international tourism;
• types and forms of international tourism activities;
• the role of the UN in the formation and system of the world tourism movement.
The student must be able to:
• identify cause-and-effect relationships between the historical era and the development of tourism;
• analyze the processes and phenomena occurring in the development of tourism;
• analyze and compare features of the development of the hotel industry;
• work with historical sources, scientific literature and Internet resources;
• navigate the system of legislation and regulations governing the scope of professional activity.
The student must own:
• methods of cognition, generalization and analysis of information, an algorithm for setting goals and objectives for studying the state of the tourism and hospitality industry;
• ways to determine the influence of socio-political and cultural-historical processes on the tourism sector;
• methods of collecting, summarizing and using cultural, historical and regional studies material for work in the field of practical tourism;
• methods for assessing achievements in the field of tourism based on knowledge of the historical context of their appearance;
• methods for assessing the main stages of development of travel and tourism in Russia and the world;
• must demonstrate the ability and willingness to use acquired knowledge in practical activities.
General cultural competencies (GC):
• ability for intellectual, cultural, moral, physical and professional self-development and self-improvement (OK-1);
• ability to achieve goals and critically rethink accumulated experience (OK-2);
• the ability to understand and analyze worldview, socially and personally significant philosophical problems, to use the basic laws of natural sciences in professional activities (OK-3);
• mastery of a culture of thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it, the ability to construct oral and written speech in a logically correct, reasoned and clear manner (OK-4); ability to work in a team, manage people and obey (OK-6);
• mastery of basic methods, methods and means of obtaining, storing, processing information, skills in working with a computer as a means of providing information in tourism activities, the ability to work in global computer networks (OK-12).
The iconography and mystery of the dog's head
Until the middle of the last century, Christopher was depicted on icons with a dog's head. The most ancient icons date back to the 5th-6th centuries. Ceramic images of a warrior with a dog's head became the prototype of later iconographic images. This feature is explained in different ways:
- According to one version, Christopher's nickname was misinterpreted by church sources: the area of Cynoscephalia marked the beginning of the legend about the presence of a dog's head, while other researchers claim that it was about the region of the Roman Empire, Thephalia.
- There is a version that the description of the terrible, frightening appearance could have been taken literally by the icon painters of antiquity.
- One option is to interpret fidelity and unwavering adherence to Christ as dog fidelity, because these animals are known for their unique devotion.
- The origin of Christopher in some sources is described as the birth among people of a tribe with dog heads, of which there were many mentions in descriptions of ancient times.
- According to one version, Christopher had an attractive appearance from birth, for which he was loved by women. Appearance bothered Christopher, so he prayed to change it.
Christopher was depicted as a dog-head until the beginning of the 17th century, then the Synod imposed a ban on such images, which confused many parishioners.
Since the 18th century, Saint Christopher has been depicted on icons in two ways:
- like a beautiful long-haired young man with a cross in his hands, having 4 ends;
- like a giant who carries the Baby Jesus on his shoulder, thereby helping him cross a wide, deep river.
Icons on which Christopher depicts a dog’s head have been preserved in Old Believer monasteries and churches. A statue of the dog-headed martyr saint is also kept on the grounds of Notre Dame Cathedral in France.
Introductory chapter History of tourism and hospitality as a science
The role of travel in the development of culture
Scientists studying the origins of human civilization believe that the formation and development of human culture was inextricably linked with the travels of ancient man. Travel is a search for communication routes. In ancient times, travel contributed to the expansion of the ecumene and the emergence of new centers of civilization. Among scientists who study the cultures of different peoples, there are those who believe that the similarity of cultures on different continents is associated with the travels of ancient people.
The history of world culture depends on the “traveling man.” Along with scientific theories that prove that man is the creator of culture, there are also concepts that consider man only its “carrier.” During his travels, he spreads, “transfers” cultures from one place to another, contributing to the expansion of the geography of culture. In this regard, the concept of the German ethnographer and Africanist Leo Frobenius
(1873–1938). He believed that cultures are living, like organisms, possessing a “soul” that experiences the stages of birth, maturation, aging and death. Therefore, each of them is unique and original. Frobenius emphasized that culture grows on its own, without humans. But it spreads only thanks to the traveling person. This process can, according to the scientist, occur both through contacts of individual people and as a result of large-scale movements of peoples as a result of war, trade and other migrations.
These ideas of Frobenius are reflected in the theory of diffusion, according to which cultural phenomena, once arising, move repeatedly, which explains the similarity of cultures or their individual elements. Studying the material culture, rituals, arts and mythology of America, various forms of African culture and prehistoric Europe, scientists who supported diffusionism found many confirmations of their theory. Traces of these processes are revealed not only by the method of comparative study; Extensive field material also points to it.
The entire history of culture is the history of the movement of several “cultural circles” and their mechanical interaction (“stratification”). Consequently, diffusionists contrasted the concept of evolution and cultural progress with the concept of cultural diffusion, which is based on ideas about spatial movement, the spread of culture or its individual elements from some center or centers. And although this concept is not generally accepted and is disputed by most scientists, it provides an interesting explanation of the role of the “travelling person” in the development of culture.
Theoretical debates around the concept of cultural diffusion have not subsided for a long time. Not only armchair scientists, but also travelers took on the task of testing the idea of spatial movement of cultures. The most famous example of this is the voyages of Thor Heyerdahl[1],
who made a lot of efforts to confirm the hypothesis about the initial settlement of the Polynesian islands by South American Indians of the Tiahuanaco culture, starting around the end of the 1st millennium BC. e. For this purpose, he, together with a crew of six people, sailed on the Kon-Tiki ship, built using ancient technology from balsa wood logs. They had to cover a journey of 4,300 miles (8,000 km) to the islands of Polynesia. This journey, full of adventure and incredible difficulties, lasted 101 days. Courageous navigators managed to confirm the hypothesis that the ancient inhabitants of Peru could sail to the islands of Polynesia not only on strong ships, but also on well-built rafts, if they skillfully used favorable natural and climatic conditions.
The surprise of the first European travelers who crossed the greatest of all oceans was that in its central part there were many small mountainous islands and low coral reefs, separated from each other by huge expanses of water. Most of these islands were inhabited by amazing people who met Europeans on the shore with dogs, pigs and poultry. Traces of an ancient megalithic culture were discovered on Easter Island.
Scientists have offered various answers to the question: who are these people and where did they come from? Malaya, India, China, Japan, Arabia, Egypt, the Caucasus, Atlantis, even Germany and Norway were seriously put forward as the homeland of the Polynesians. According to Thor Heyerdahl, “the mysterious monoliths on Easter Island and all the other monuments of unknown origin found on this small, windswept, secluded island, which lies halfway between the nearest islands and the coast of South America, have given rise to a variety of theories. Some researchers have drawn attention to the fact that the finds on Easter Island are in many ways reminiscent of the monuments of the prehistoric civilization of South America. Maybe there was once a land bridge between the island and the mainland, which later sank? Perhaps Easter Island and all the other islands of the South Sea, on which we find similar monuments, represent the remains of a submerged continent? Thor Heyerdahl sought to find answers to these questions, who confirmed with his voyages the ancient truths about human migration and proved that it was the journey that served not only as a means of discovering new lands, but also as a means of transmitting and spreading culture, thereby turning travel into the basis of the cultural and historical process .
Meaning in Orthodoxy
Pseglavets Christopher is recognized by the Orthodox Church as a holy martyr. His unwavering faith and devotion to Jesus Christ is beyond doubt among historians. Figures such as Christopher are always highly valued and revered by the Orthodox Church. This is an example of unbending fortitude, supported by indestructible faith.
The name “Christopher” arose as the phrase “bearer of Christ.” Its occurrence is explained in several versions. According to one of them, the warrior was the same giant who carried little Jesus on his shoulders through a seething mountain stream. In this case, the name has a literal meaning. According to another common version, the carrying of Christ in the heart was recognized by the warrior during torture and torment, when even the most devoted pagans saw the strength with which the martyr believed in God.
Day of celebration and veneration of the martyr
The Catholic Church has established the celebration and veneration of St. Christopher as the day of May 9th. The saint is especially revered by residents of the European part of the continent. He is called the protector of travelers, which is why you can often see medallions or magnets with the image of the saint sold in souvenir shops. He also patronizes sailors, taxi drivers, and drivers.
Christopher is the patron saint of Lithuania, his image is included in the main coat of arms of the city of Vilnius. On the territory of this city, schools are named after him, as well as the main brass band. The statuette of Saint Christopher is a reward for services to the residents of Vilnius. Its award ceremony takes place every year on the eve of Christmas.
A temple was built in Cuba named after the holy martyr. Residents of Havana go to Christopher for consolation and strengthening of faith.
The Egyptian monastery, built according to the plans of an unknown architect, is dilapidated, but is still able to shelter several nuns. Spain is one of the countries where Christopher is known as the patron saint of sailors. Amulets with the image of St. Christopher are sold here, and small churches named after him have been opened. The Spaniards believe that the amulet, consecrated in the temple, protects travelers at sea from storms and unexpected sea traps.
Prayer text
O glorious and victorious martyr of Christ Christopher, true warrior of the holy Church, praise and adornment to your earthly relatives. You, not being afraid of godless persecution, you confessed the Orthodox faith even to the point of blood, and through your suffering you gave an image to the faithful, you entered the Kingdom of Heaven through the gates of righteousness. We also pray to you, just as you once gained the strength to endure suffering through your prayer to the Lord, so now we pray that the Lord will give us the strength to keep His life-giving commandments, and may He deliver us from the bonds of sin and atheism, and may our Fatherland remain in Orthodoxy until the end century. Amen.
Which saint protects drivers and those traveling by ship or plane on the road?
When going on a trip or work trip in a personal vehicle, circumstances can often occur that a person does not expect at all. They require immediate, firm decisions and quick reactions. These can be breakdowns, dangerous sections of the road or accidents, which is why nowadays there are so many believers who turn to patrons for help and carry their icons in their pockets. It is also not safe to fly by air, which rises tens of thousands of kilometers above the ground and can fall at any moment. Seafarers also face certain risks.
Temple servants recommend that those setting off on their journey, first of all, pray to the following saints:
- Mother of God Hodegetria is a “guide” or one who shows the way. She always prevented danger and showed the right path to those who were lost;
- Nicholas the Wonderworker - he always provided help to the needy and slandered, but his special gift of salvation manifested itself during a sea voyage. He managed to calm storms, pull drowning people out of the water and help sailors in difficult times;
- Apostle Andrew the First-Called - according to legend, it was this saint who told Jesus where he could get bread and fish to feed 5 thousand hungry people. He helps overcome obstacles on the way and takes care of the amount of provisions;
- Saint Christopher - carried Christ in his arms across a stormy stream and became the patron saint of travelers;
- Prophet Elijah - intercessor of representatives of the airborne troops;
- Gertrude of Nivelskaya - organized a holy monastery, the gates of which were always open to travelers. There they could get enough food and stay for a while. The saint blesses everyone on a good journey and helps them not to be left without an overnight stay.
It is also recommended to turn to Christ and the Mother of God in your prayers. However, upon returning home, you should not forget to thank your patrons for the joyful trips that passed without difficulties
What do they ask the saint for?
Saint Christopher is asked for protection. It is often addressed in front of the home iconostasis. At the same time, when offering a prayer, it is not necessary to have an image of a saint before your eyes; it is enough to focus on his appearance, remember his merits, and think about the strength of his faith.
They pray to a Christian warrior for various reasons:
- because of his unusual appearance, people with physical disabilities and suffering from various ailments turn to him;
- travelers and drivers ask for protection on the roads while traveling;
- believers ask to strengthen their faith, to help find a way out of a difficult situation;
- Many Orthodox Christians turn to the martyr when they want to protect themselves or their loved ones from temptations and ask to be shown the true path.
It is believed that the saint helps to heal contagious diseases and relieve toothaches.
